r/JewsOfConscience • u/AutoModerator • Jul 29 '26
AAJ "Ask A Jew" Wednesday
It's everyone's favorite day of the week, "Ask A (Anti-Zionist) Jew" Wednesday!
Ask whatever you want to know, within the sub rules, notably that this is not a debate sub and do not import drama from other subreddits. That aside, have fun! We love to dialogue with our non-Jewish siblings.
Please remember to pick an appropriate user-flair in order to participate! Thanks!
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u/fankoosh-56 Palestinian Jul 29 '26
Serious question from a Palestinian interested in Jewish (non Israeli) culture and religion:
How do you reconcile the religion teachings of Jews living in diaspora vs the Jews living in Israel? In Islam we believe it's a test for Jews to live in diaspora, yet large number of Zionist rabbis talk consistently that all Jews must come and live in Israel, yet both camps still consider themselves Jewish, it didn't cause a fracture like Christianity (Catholic/Protestant..) or Islam (Sunni/Shia)..
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u/RoscoeArt Jewish Communist Jul 29 '26
Your kind of asking alot of stuff here I think itd be helpful of you were a bit more specific. You cant really split religious teachings in Jewish communities into Israel and outside israel. There are communities that practice and believe the same things in both. The idea of returning to the holy land has always been a part of Judaism and that has been interpreted many different ways by many movements over the millenia. Zionism not only is incredibly modern but is largely a secular movement. Most Jews that found themselves in Palestine did so out of political ideological motivations or were refugees post ww2 and were at the whims of state powers who were operating under largely those same or overlapping political ideologies. We do have different sects and some of those sects do have different views on zionism but they more so have different views because of their ideologies developing in relative isolation than they are a different sect because they had differing views on zionism and split off. Jews also as an ethno religious group define ourselves differently than other Abrahamic faiths, while there are others like Druze which similarly define themselves not solely through the homogeneity of their beliefs. I would say we are closer now than ever to what you could liken to schism like in Christianity and islam but I still dont think that result in "different forms" of Judaism per sat. There will just be reform antizionist communities and zionist ones or conservative antizionist and zionist ones etc. For better and worse as we say "A Jew is a Jew is a Jew".
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u/fankoosh-56 Palestinian Jul 29 '26
Thank you, that clarifies some parts. I know the origins of Zionism and I’m not talking about those in Tel Aviv, I know they are “culturally Jewish” not so much religiously.
As a Palestinian, I’m more interested in the settlers part. These tend to be way more religious, they are always wearing the tzitzit for example. I’m trying to understand how they study the Telmud and Torah everyday, yet they differ, religiously, in a significant way from say a religious guy in London or New York.
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u/loselyconscious Traditionally Radical Jul 29 '26
These tend to be way more religious, they are always wearing the tzitzit for example.
So this is true, but there is a little bit of nuance that is important. I think it's important to remember that 1/3 of Settlers are secular Israelis and 1/3 are "non-zionist" Haredim. https://www.timesofisrael.com/black-is-the-new-orange-30-of-settlers-are-now-haredim/
I’m trying to understand how they study the Telmud and Torah everyday, yet they differ, religiously, in a significant way from say a religious guy in London or New York.
For the same reason that Martin Luther King Jr and Strom Thurmond can both be Baptists, the Taliban and Malala Yousafzai can both be Muslims, and Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky can both be communists. These traditions are vast and open to interpretation. If you go looking in it for confirmation of what you already believe, you will find something
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u/specialistsets Non-denominational Jul 29 '26
The Land of Israel is considered a holy place in Jewish tradition and it is considered a mitzvah for Jews to dwell there, that is why there are many non-Zionist and anti-Zionist ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel. Zionism refers to the political ideology, not Jews living there.
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u/loselyconscious Traditionally Radical Jul 29 '26
How do you reconcile the religion teachings of Jews living in diaspora vs the Jews living in Israel?
It's not really an issue for me becouse I just don't care what those Rabbis think, and what they do does not really affect me in any way.
In Islam we believe it's a test for Jews to live in diaspora
That is not a mainstream theology among Jews, either Zionist or Anti-Zionist. Traditionally speaking, there are different theological explanations for the exile, including cosmic (Israel's exile reflects the metaphysical state of the world), discplinary (Israel is being punished) strategic (Israel was dispersed so that no one political leader could wipe out all of the Jews), and ethical (Israel was given a mission to spread God's knowledge and ethical living around the world). I am not aware of any teaching that it is a "test."
et large number of Zionist rabbis talk consistently that all Jews must come and live in Israel
In America, Zionists almost never talk about all Jews coming to live in Israel. That is becouse most American Jews, including Zionists, like living in America and don't have any desire to leave. While you will ocassioanly hear Rabbis in Israel talking about this, it is actually not that common. The view that there is a positive obligation for all Jews in the present to immigrate to Israel according to Torah Law is not a common one, even among Zionists.
yet large number of Zionist rabbis talk consistently that all Jews must come and live in Israel, yet both camps still consider themselves Jewish, it didn't cause a fracture like Christianity (Catholic/Protestant..) or Islam (Sunni/Shia)..
The closest thing we have to a "protestant/catholic" or Sunni/Shia division is the divide between Orthodox Judaism and Non-Orthodox or "liberal" (which does not necessarily mean liberal politically) . At times, it can be very intense, including escalating into low-grade violence in Israel, where the Haredi Ultra-Orthodox have thrown rocks and harassed non-Orthodox Jews who want to pray in a non-Orthodox style at the Western Wall. However, the divide is not as stark becouse, for the most part, Orthodox Judaism recognized that non-Orthodox Jews are Jews, even if they think they are ignorant of "true Judasim" or even heretics. "Being Jewish" is not a matter of belief or even religious practice; it's a matter of being a member (by birth or by conversion) of a community. Zionism is not really a major factor in this divide, as its roots are slightly older and there are Zionists and non/AntiZionists in both groups, although it is true that the very recent turn away from Zionism is mostly happening within the non-Orthodox group.
still consider themselves Jewish, it didn't cause a fracture like Christianity (Catholic/Protestant..) or Islam (Sunni/Shia)..
Catholics and Protestants, Sunnis and Shia also still consider themselves Christian and Muslim
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 30 '26 edited Jul 30 '26
Friend loselyconscious
My understanding is that Catholics and most Protestants consider each other Christians, but that there are splits/"schisms" between Catholics and Protestants, and among some Protestants. In calling the splits "schisms," the idea is that the groups have their own separate "communion" or community/congregation (Qahal in Hebrew) that does not recognize the legitimacy of the other community/Qahal. So, the Catholic Church does not give recognition of Protestant Churches' legitimacy, and some Protestant Churches do not recognize the legitimacy of the Catholic Church or of some other Protestant Churches. There is no way to paint the schisms among Christians as a great situation for Christians. It's a tough situation that has been healing in some major ways over the centuries.
Kind Regards - Peace
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u/filmplanet_ Non-Jewish Ally Jul 29 '26
As always the world is a better place because you're here thank you
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 30 '26
+1
A simple "Thank you" does not feel enough for me for saying my appreciation to Jews of Conscience and other Peoples of Conscience.
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u/abdullah5959 Muslim Jul 29 '26
Any jews here that originate from libya as a Libyan I always wanted to talk to any of you guys. Dm if any want to chat in private
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 29 '26
May I please ask: I saw that the chief rabbi of Jerusalem since Ottoman times is designated to be Sephardic. However as I understand it, Sephardic, as a term, refers to Spain. Why would the chief rabbi be Sephardic rather than Mizrahi, or is Mizrahi treated as a subgroup of Sephardic? Todah rabah. Thank you.
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u/RoscoeArt Jewish Communist Jul 29 '26
The sephardic and ashkenazi chief rabbis are two different positions. There isnt one for any other Jewish subgroups as far as im aware.
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 29 '26
Dear Roscoe,
You are right that the Ashkenazi and Sephardic positions are different.
Here are two maps of the Ashkenazi and Sepharic community swathes: https://scalar.usc.edu/hc/iranian-jews-in-los-angeles/media/jewsdna-map4771.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/h5CiZCz.png
My idea was that the Middle Eastern community was Mizrahi, but I can tell that it historically had a large migration that came from Spain. I'm wondering how it happened that the official rabbinate wouldn't be Mizrahi or otherwise specifically Middle Eastern (eg. Iraqi/Levantine).
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u/loselyconscious Traditionally Radical Jul 29 '26
My idea was that the Middle Eastern community was Mizrahi, but I can tell that it historically had a large migration that came from Spain. I'm wondering how it happened that the official rabbinate wouldn't be Mizrahi or otherwise specifically Middle Eastern (eg. Iraqi/Levantine).
So it's both. The current Sephardic Chief Rabbi is an Iraqi Jew (or rather the descendant of Iraqi Jews). There are a couple of reasons why the name is "Sephardic"
- At the time the position was created, the majority of Jews in Israel were from Spain (or the descendants of people from Spain)
- The position is centuries older than the term Mizrahi itself. Mizrahi is a new catcall term for all the Jews of the Islamic world, that dates only to the middle of the 20th century. The term "Mizrahi" is somewhat controversial. It is basically a translation of the English word "orientals," and many Mizrahi Jews come from places to the west of Israel, so it does not even really make sense. Some Jews from MeNa like the term, some do not.
- Most of the "Mizrahi" Jewish communities would say that they follow the "Sephardic Rite" of Judasim, meaning that they understand their traditions and customs to be those of the Jews of Spain (in the same way that the Jews of Poland follow the "Ashkenazi Rite," even though they don't live in Germany). Whether or not that is actaully true is up for debate (Sephardic tradition certainly influenced most Mizarahi communities). There are only a few places where Mizrahi Jews maintained sets of traditions that predate and consciously rejected Sephardic influence (Yemen and the island of Djerba in Tunisia are the two I am aware of). Since the Chief Rabbi is a religious position, it makes sense to use the term for their religious tradition.
I will also add that the position of Chief Rabbi is largely seen as a joke in Israel. It is important becouse it affects public policy, but it's been a long time since anyone really looked to the holders of these positions as the highest rabbinic authorities in their communities.
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 30 '26
Friend loselyconscious
Thank you for a solid reply. I had the idea that "Mizrahi" meant "Egyptian", but that it didn't practically refer to only Egyptian Jews. May I ask typically what communities the Mizrahim living in the Levant from before 1900 would belong to in case they didn't look to the Chief Sephardic Rabbi as a top authority?
Thank you.
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u/ExtendedWallaby Jewish Anti-Zionist Jul 29 '26
There are two chief rabbis, one Ashkenazi and one Sephardic. “Sephardic” does literally mean “Spanish”, but it’s synecdoche for the Jews and Jewish traditions originating in the Mediterranean region, which includes Palestine. So under Ottoman rule, the chief rabbi was Sephardic because most (though not all) Jews in Ottoman Palestine were Sephardic.
“Mizrahi” is a different story. It literally means “Eastern” and refers to Jews from the Islamic world, often in the sense of “Jews who are too Arab”. Many of them are Sephardic, and others are neither Ashkenazi or Sephardic.
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u/specialistsets Non-denominational Jul 29 '26
as I understand it, Sephardic, as a term, refers to Spain
After the Jews of Spain were expelled in 1492, they mostly migrated into and adjacent to existing Jewish communities of the Ottoman Empire, from Southern Europe to North Africa to the Levant to the Middle East. Some of these communities remained more "purely" Sephardic, such as in Morocco, Italy, Greece and Turkey. But in the Middle East and North Africa, many Sephardic and Mizrahi communities merged over time and Sephardic Rabbinic and religious traditions became the predominant custom even in communities that had little or no ancestry from Sephardic Jews. If you look at this list of Chief Rabbis in Ottoman Palestine, you will see they were born in the Sephardic communities of Morocco, Turkey, Salonica, Rhodes, Alexandria, Bulgaria, and Palestine. Ottoman Rabbis traveled far and wide across the empire to teach and serve as communal Rabbis, so while the locations are geographically diverse there was significant standardization of traditions over centuries.
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 30 '26
Todah Rabah Friend specialistsets
May I please ask what the pre-Sephardic rites and chants would have been named or similar to? I'm guessing that out of what people mentioned in their Comments above, it would have been like Yemenite practices.
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u/specialistsets Non-denominational Jul 30 '26
Communities didn't quite replace their customs, they gradually adopted and incorporated Sephardic customs and became part of the Sephardic Rabbinic tradition. In terms of liturgy in particular, the various Jewish rites are all more similar than different, have the same origins, and have the same structure and same core prayers. Yemenite Jews also had Sephardic influence, but to a lesser extent than elsewhere.
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u/Thisisme8719 Arab Jew Jul 29 '26 edited Jul 30 '26
Sephardic, as a term, refers to Spain
Sepharad means Spain, and there are people who limit it to those exiles. But for decades the term included Jews from communities that follow the Sephardic codifiers and use some variant of the Sephardic liturgy even if they've had nothing to do with Spain, and this is how it's widely used in the literature. It's also how different organizations formally defined themselves (including ASF).
But if you go back to the early 20th cent then there were even controversies in the US on whether the Jews from the Balkans should be called Sephardim. But later assessments of Pool's (ETA: he was the rabbi of Shearith Israel and a major community leader) thought process show he had a more nuanced position and was more flexible than what was argued in the older appraisals from the 70s and 80s.ETA: the chief rabbis were not designated as the Sephardic Chief Rabbi under the Ottomans. Britain formalized that administrative distinction when during the occupation before the mandate went into effect
Mizrahi is an ethnic category specifically in Israel. And except for the Edot Hamizrah rite, it's not a religious term and the more devout were reluctant to use it after Mizrahi activists subversively used it as a form of self-identification. Eg Arye Deri only publicly called himself a Mizrahi during his corruption trial and imprisonment since he was connecting his conviction to the history of Ashkenazi discrimination.
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 30 '26
Thank you Thisisme8719 for a good explanation. I was unaware of that.
May I ask: In light of Sephardic as a term referring to Sephardic codifiers, does this imply that that it would apply to the Middle East communities like the Levantine, Arabian, and Iraqi communities? Or perhaps they were not using that codifier and thus the term "Sephardic" would not apply to them?
Shalom
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u/Thisisme8719 Arab Jew Jul 30 '26
It's been applied to them. There are writers (eg Marc Angel) that categorized Jews from the Arab world as one of the subcategories of Sephardim
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u/crossingguardcrush Jewish Jul 29 '26
You are very kind.
I would stick with G-d. Hashem is usually used by Jewish folks, and the Most High sounds a bit odd ;-)
Avoid the tetragrammaton.
In Orthodox circles, I would be reluctant to touch anyone of the opposite gender--until you see what other folks are doing. There are all sorts of flavors of orthodox, and not all observe the prohibitions on mixing with the opposite gender.
Feel free to hug, dance with, rub shoulders and clap with, etc. anyone of the same gender. :-))
Some people claim to be able to trace an unbroken lineage from David. I think they are tripping.
On this last issue, I think you may just be confusing Torah and Tanakh. Torah is just the five books. There is no overt discussion of Messiah there. But the prophets, which are included in tanakh, have lots of messiah talk! (Tanakh = Torah + Neviim + Ketuvim = torah + prophets + "the writings").
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 30 '26 edited Jul 30 '26
Friend Crossingguardcrush,
+1
Thank you for your kind responses. I want to be respectful of the Torah's rules in regards to Jews, and some of that desire comes from me being Christian. I thought that there was a principle in Torah or tradition that contact with gentiles like myself would make one ritually unclean, similar to the traditional principle of contact with with the oppoite gender that you mentioned. I know that Reformed and Conservative aren't going to be as strict about some these issues that I raised.
May I please ask for your feedback about the discussion on Messiah with the woman, Zivan, on the Skeptics forum? She wrote:
First of all, there is no "prophecy" of "Messiah". The idea of a "Messiah" (capital letter) is a post-Tanakh ("OT") idea, and is never referred to as "Messiah" in Tanakh. ... I am not religious and do not believe in prophecies. I just really hate when translations from Hebrew are so mangled. "The Messiah" is a post-Tanakh concept. After the concept, that a future great king would arrive was formed, rabbis retconned the concept to find passages that fit. NOWHERE in Tanakh is the future king referred to as "Messiah/Mashiakh". ... Hebrew is my first language.
The verses you quoted ("In 2 Samuel 7, the prophet Nathan gave a prediction to David about his descendant with an eternal dominion") refer to Solomon. Zedekiah was the last davidic king of judah 586 bce...
The hebrew (of Isaiah 9:6-7: "For a child has been born unto us... ") is in the past tense. It is not a prophecy... In judaism, the verse is about king hezekiah. The verse is not predicting a birth. It is in the past tense (the child had already been born) and is not a messianic prophecy. Hezekiah, was already born at the time of isaiah, and about 13 years old at the time it was written, ~700 years before jesus. The "authority is on his shoulders" because he became king. His name, hezekiah, means 'strengthened by god'. 2 Kings 20:19. "Then said Hezekiah to Isaiah, Good is the word of the Lord which you have spoken. And he said, Is it not good, if peace and truth are in my days?"
The person gave me a lot more statements that Is. 9:6-7's plain meaning was about King Hezekiah.
( https://internationalskeptics.com/forums/threads/translation-of-isaiah-9-1-7-and-the-talmud-kimchis-and-targums-views-on-it.318070/page-4 ) Not knowing Hebrew, I was not able to debate the issue and wore out.Kind Regards - שָׁלוֹם - 🕎🕊️🕯🕍📜
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 29 '26
Friends,
I want to express my appreciate for your pro-peace subreddit and for being Of Conscience. I would like to please ask:
- In writing on Jewish forums online, what are the best conventions to use when referring to the Lord: Hashem, G-d, and The Most High? It appears that some readers want you to avoid writing some of those names without the -- hyphen or writing the Tetragrammaton.
- I want to be respectful. If interacting in a very traditional setting, since I'm not Jewish, is it more respectful for me to avoid direct contact such as hugging? I'm guessing that it's always just best to ask.
- As I understand it, the idea of the Tanakh is that ideally the ancient kingdom was to be ruled by the line of David. Could people reliably identify those of David's line today, especially the paternal line (eg. King David was the father of Solomon, the father of Rehoboam)? Or has so much time passed that the identification isn't reliable?
- Do any Tanakh verses inarguably teach the Messiah? On a Skeptic forum, an Israeli woman asserted to me that the Tanakh does not teach Messiah, and that the Messiah concept was only a later, rabbinic idea. Not knowing Hebrew, I was at a major disadvantage to debate the meaning of Hebrew verses. I pointed to Isaiah 9:6-7 ("For a child has been born unto us... "; כִּי־יֶ֣לֶד יֻלַּד־לָ֗נוּ בֵּ֚ן נִתַּן־לָ֔נוּ וַתְּהִ֥י הַמִּשְׂרָ֖ה עַל־שִׁכְמ֑וֹ וַיִּקְרָ֨א שְׁמ֜וֹ פֶּ֠לֶא יוֹעֵץ֙ אֵ֣ל גִּבּ֔וֹר אֲבִיעַ֖ד שַׂר־שָׁלֽוֹם׃). Her response to me was that Isaiah 9:6-7 is written in the past tense, and so it must not refer to a future Messiah. I'm guessing that she's correct about the tense, although the "King James Version" puts it in the future (I imagine a nonliteral translation at best). I still come away thinking that the verse is Messianic, because it references David's throne and the verse's extreme accolades of the child weren't fulfilled in the time from David to the writing of Isaiah 9.
Peace - Shalom
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u/loselyconscious Traditionally Radical Jul 30 '26 edited Jul 30 '26
In writing on Jewish forums online, what are the best conventions to use when referring to the Lord: Hashem, G-d, and The Most High? It appears that some readers want you to avoid writing some of those names without the -- hyphen or writing the Tetragrammaton.
Writing the word God, Hashem, The Lord, etc., is all perfectly fine. Adonai is probably fine, but some people prefer it used only for prayer. Halachically speaking, there is actually no problem with spelling out the English letters of the Tetragrammaton, but many people would prefer you not. Not typing out the English word "God" is a stringency (or just a habit), not a requirement, (there is nothing holy about that English word) and no one would expect you to follow it.
. If interacting in a very traditional setting, since I'm not Jewish, is it more respectful for me to avoid direct contact such as hugging? I'm guessing that it's always just best to ask.
It's always a good idea to ask before touching someone. ◡̈ . There is no prohibition on touching non-Jews; there are, however, prohibitions on touching unrelated people of a different gender that are followed by the most observant communities. Most people who follow that, however, will tell you, and if something happens by accident, it's an accident.
ould people reliably identify those of David's line today, especially the paternal line (eg. King David was the father of Solomon, the father of Rehoboam)? Or has so much time passed that the identification isn't reliable?
No, no one has a reliable lineage that can be traced back to David
n a Skeptic forum, an Israeli woman asserted to me that the Tanakh does not teach Messiah, and that the Messiah concept was only a later, rabbinic idea.
This is sort of tre but it's more complicated than that. I would also suggest asking this question on r/AcademicBiblical. I know this history quite well, but the biblical hebrew is not fantastic.
Tense in Biblical Hebrew does not map perfectly onto English. Isaiah 9:6 is written in what scholars call the "prophetic perfect." Perfect is a tense used to describe completed actions. Pretty much all scholars I am aware of agree that much of Isaiah is written from the perspective of the future, meaning Isaiah is speaking about future events that, from the perspective of the future, have been completed. It isn't controversial that Isaiah is looking forward to a future time when a King of the Davidic Line restores the Kingdom of Israel. But Jews (and Christians) expect a great deal more from their Messiah than just the restoration of the Davidic Monarchy.
Jews traditionally expect the Messiah to bring about (or be accompanied by) the ingathering of Exiles, the Reconstruction of the Temple, the Resurrection of the Dead, the universal recognition and worship of God, and an age of universal prosperity. All of those things are mentioned (or at least can be argued to be mentioned) in the Tanakh, but they are not mentioned together. It is only in the Rabbinic Period or slightly before (especially after the Bar Kochba revolt) that those ideas become bundled together and tied to the arrival of a single figure from the line of David.
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 30 '26
Friend loselyconscious
I can understand a way how Isaiah could make a prophecy and put it in the past perfect completed tense. He could have a vision of a future time, and then, in describing the future time, he could make statements like "A King of the Davidic Line is (now in the vision, centuries after Isaiah's time) restoring the Kingdom of Israel." Along with those statements he could make statements like "A child (that King) has been born to us (already by the time in which the vision is taking place)..."
However, I don't know how to easily definitively prove that any verses are about the Messiah. Isaiah 9 seemed to me to be the most obviously Messianic to use for a discussion, in part because the rabbinic commentaries like the Talmud saw Is. 9 as Messianic. Isaiah made predictions about the future in verses around Is. 9:6-9:7, but those verses as I understand it are put in the past tense in Hebrew. They seem to give the "child" who is born such exalted titles that it looks like they are talking about a Messianic figure, not Hezekiah. So that makes me think that the verses are Messianic, but I don't know how to prove this or to readily prove that any other verses are Messianic.
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u/ChaoticAffirmations Muslim Jul 29 '26
Kasrils and Goldberg were anti-South African Apartheid Jewish heroes amongst many other Jews who stood up for justice. Both lived long enough to have spoken on Palestine, and both were called traitors by their own community for it — the same community that now claims the anti-apartheid legacy as its own. What does it do to you to watch that happen in real time?
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u/RoscoeArt Jewish Communist Jul 29 '26
It is sad to say the least and yet completely predictable when you look at the trajectory history has taken. My parents and father in particular grew up post civil rights era america in very liberal jewish households (my dad's being zionist and my moms non zionist) and they had alot of hope for what that meant for this country. While my dad became jaded to liberalism and by the 90s my mom didnt really lose hope in the liberal project till she saw the right wing reaction to Obama running and then how he was an utter failure and war criminal of a president like every other one we've had. Now they veer more towards democratic socialism than anything and are both antizionists. Ive talked about it with my dad because I never really had that hope for the future or liberalism or a connection to zionism so I do think it effects me differently. Its no more surprising than a nazi saying or doing something awful in my mind just with the slight added feeling deep down that on some level we both are from the same group and their actions are just as much a representation of the group i belong to as mine. To many probably much more so even. I do think that history trends towards the just over great lengths of time but they really thought they were going to see true peace in their life times. Not even just in America but on a much larger scale. My dad once told me when he was a teenager he thought hed have flying cars by adult hood and maybe even be living his final years on another plant or atleast the moon because humanity would be able to explore the stars once we eliminated bigotry and poverty from the Earth. Like I said very liberal lol. That is an idea i never could have imagined coming true not for a very very very long time after im gone. Which is sad but I also think its better to be realistic than naive even if the realistic view is a harsh one.
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 30 '26
Friend u/RoscoeArt
May I please ask the meaning of "that" in your phrase "they had alot of hope for what that meant for this country"? Did you just mean that they thought that liberalism meant a lot for the US?
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u/rako17 Christian Jul 29 '26
Dear Friends,
Todah Rabah - Thank you for this opportunity to ask questions. May I please ask:
Peace - Shalom