She refused the traditional celebratory Nobel banquet and asked that the funds, approximately $192,000, be donated to help the poor in India. When asked how to promote world peace, she famously replied, "Go home and love your family"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448))

Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart.

https://history-maps.com/warmap/american-revolution/event/battle-of-bemis-heights

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Yoshihiro_Hattori

The words on this wall read “Ici on noie les Algériens” : “Here we drown Algerians.”

On October 17, 1961, thousands of Algerians took to the streets of Paris to protest a discriminatory curfew imposed on them by the French authorities.

The police response was brutal. Under police chief Maurice Papon, officers beat and shot protesters, while some were thrown into the Seine and drowned. Thousands were arrested, and many were tortured in detention.

The French authorities initially claimed only three people had died. The true death toll remains disputed, but historians agree that the killing estimates range from dozens to well over 100 Algerians killed.

For decades, the massacre was largely buried in silence. No one was ever prosecuted for the killings. Papon was later convicted for his role in the deportation of Jews during World War II, but never faced justice for the massacre.

It took decades for the French state to officially acknowledge what happened.

On This Day, October 17, 1777, one of the most extraordinary moments of the American Revolutionary War unfolded in Saratoga, New York. A British army laid down its weapons in one of the most important turning points of the American Revolution.

After months of fighting, British General John Burgoyne and his exhausted army faced a desperate situation.

Their mission had been ambitious: advance south from Canada, capture key positions along the Hudson River, and divide the rebellious American colonies from one another.

If successful, the plan could have dealt a devastating blow to the American struggle for independence.

But things did not go as planned.

American forces resisted the British advance in two major battles near Saratoga. The first took place on September 19, 1777, and the second on October 7.

Burgoyne's army suffered heavy losses, its advance stalled, and its hopes of receiving the support it needed began to fade.

Surrounded and with no reliable escape route, the British commander found himself running out of options.

Negotiations began.

Then, on October 17, Burgoyne's army marched out and surrendered its weapons to the American forces commanded by General Horatio Gates.

Nearly 6,000 British and German troops laid down their arms in a stunning defeat for the British war effort.

For the American revolutionaries, this was far more than a battlefield victory.

It proved that their army could defeat a major British force—and gave fresh hope to a revolution that was far from guaranteed to succeed.

But the consequences reached far beyond the battlefield.

Across the Atlantic, France saw an opportunity.

The American victory helped convince the French government that the revolutionaries had a genuine chance of defeating Britain. In February 1778, France formally allied itself with the United States, providing crucial military and financial support.

The war was no longer simply a struggle between Britain and its rebellious colonies. It had become a much wider international conflict.

That support would help pave the way toward the eventual American victory at Yorktown in 1781.

In 1783, Britain formally recognized American independence.

The surrender at Saratoga did not win the revolution by itself.

But it changed the course of the war and helped transform the American fight for independence into a cause backed by a powerful international ally.

One surrender. One turning point. A different future for a nation.

https://history-maps.com/battlemaps/siege-of-yorktown-1781

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fornham

After the French Revolution began, Marie-Antoinette, queen consort of Louis XVI, was targeted by agitators who, enraged by her extravagance and attempts to save the monarchy, ultimately guillotined her on this day in 1793.